Digestive System

http://www.showme.com/sh/?h=R94beds

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids, also called "piles," are swollen tissues that contain veins. They are located in the wall of the rectum and anus and may cause minor bleeding or develop small blood clots. Hemorrhoids occur when the tissues enlarge, weaken, and come free of their supporting structure. This results in a sac-like bulge that extends into the anal area. This is a unique disease because no other animal can get this, up to 86% of people would say that they have had Hemorrhoids at some time throughout their life. They can be painful and annoying but aren't usually serious. Hemorrhoids differ depending on their location and the amount of pain, discomfort, or aggravation they cause. Internal hemorrhoids are located up inside the rectum. They rarely cause any pain, as this tissue doesn't have any sensory nerves. These hemorrhoids are graded for severity according to how far and how often they protrude into the anal passage or protrude out of the anus. Grade I is small without protrusion. Painless, minor bleeding occurs from time to time after a bowel movement. A grade II hemorrhoid may protrude during a bowel movement but returns spontaneously to its place afterwards. In grade III, the hemorrhoid must be replaced manually. A grade IV hemorrhoid has prolapsed it protrudes constantly and will fall out again if pushed back into the rectum. There may or may not be bleeding. Prolapsed hemorrhoids can be painful if they are strangled by the anus or if a clot develops. Other factors that increase the risk for getting hemorrhoids include constipation, diarrhea, lifting heavy objects, poor posture, prolonged sitting, pregnancy, eating a diet low in fibre, anal intercourse, and being overweight. Liver damage and some food allergies can also add stress to the rectal veins. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVxVnZDsRHw

I chose this disease because it randomly popped up and I find things like this very interesting. Our bowel movement is very important to our Digestive System, that is why when this topic popped up I had to write about it. This relates to our topic because Ms. Phillips has shown us pretty neat videos like this and I think its good to learn different things every day.

Digestive System Organs

Biological Molecules Lab

                                                

Digestive System T-Shirt

Protein Lab

Primary (1st):

Secondary (2nd):

Tertiary (3rd):

Quaternary (4th):

Questions:

1. The types of bond that is found in the primary structure between amino acids is peptide bond.

2. The secondary structure forms alpha helix because the negative and positives attract which causes them to form due to the polar peptide bonds.

3. The replusion attraction created the third structure when the protein twisted and bent. It looked different because their are 20 different variables which can make different combinations. 

4. The fourth structure was created when we combined two or more amino acids and the same variable repelled or attracted. 

5. No, because the R groups attraction and repulsion determines the different combinations. Since their are 20 different R variables the combinations are different. 

Vital Capacity Lab

Introduction: the measurement of the maximum amount of air a person can breath out after a maximum inhalation. The measurement is equal to the total of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

Definitions:
Tidal Volume: regular breaths.

Vital Capacity: maximum air you can breath out.

Residual Volume: amount of air you have left.

Expiratory Reserve Volume: the air you can breath out on top of your regular breath.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume: the air you can breathe in on top of your regular breath.

Procedure:
1. Reset the dial on top of the spirometer to 0L.

2. Using the spirometer and the sterilized mouthpiece, take a very deep breath and exhale forcefully through the mouthpiece. The dial will indicate the volume of air exhaled.

3. Keep your mouthpiece while your partner tests their vital capacity, and then try again.

4. Record results below.


Observations: 
NAME                                     VITAL CAPACITY (L)
Sahil                                                   2800L

Gagan                                                2500L

Identify the female in the class with the greatest vital capacity:
Shimeran                                 Vital Capacity: 3000L


Identify the male in the class with the greatest vital capacity:Undetermined.


Questions:
1. A normal tidal volume is only 500mL because that is the average amount of air inspired during relaxed and regular breathing.


2. The rising amount of CO2 in the blood stream will lower the pH. The medulla oblongata  will sense these changes and increase the ventilation rate.


3. Activities such as cardiovascular endurance increase the amount of CO2 entering the blood stream thus triggering medulla oblongata. 


4. Four factors affecting a persons vital capacity are, their fitness level, height, sex, and body size.


5. When you exercise your lungs need more vital nutrients and in order to provide them with all the required nutrients the lungs expand more so they are able to distribute it all correctly. 


6. If there is no air left in the lungs the lungs become deflated. To prevent the deflation aka a collapsed lung a certain amount of air has to reside in the lungs to fill the space.


Conclusion:In conclusion there is a lot to learn about vital capacity. It can differ greatly between sexes and fitness levels but with the correct exercise and effort you are able to increase your vital capacity and strengthen your lungs, thus providing yourself with a strong respiratory system!

Respitory Lab

Introduction: External gas exchange is a process that takes place between the air and lungs. Oxygen travels into the blood from the air throughout the alveoli and carbon dioxide travels to the alveoli by first travelling from air and into the blood stream, this is possible by cellular respiration.

Part A: In the first part of the respiratory lab we were required to expose limewater to oxygen and carbon dioxide while residing in test tubes. Test tube A was aerated by oxygen and test tube C was aerated by carbon dioxide and to do so we had to breathe into a straw into the tube for a certain time. After the experiment we saw that test tube A had a few bubbles during but was particularly still afterwards and test tube C was cloudy and a greyish white colour. 

Before

During

After

Part B: In the second part of the respiratory lab we were required to expose distilled water to oxygen and carbon dioxide while residing in beakers. Beaker C was aerated by oxygen and beaker D was aerated by carbon dioxide and do so we had to breathe into a straw for a certain time. After the experiment we saw that beaker C which was supposed to turn a green colour but because of our dysfunctional beaker it turned orange and beaker D turned a yellowish colour. Therefore the aerated distilled water was neutral whereas the one that was breathed into was a strong acid. 

Before

After

Part C: In the third and final part of the respiratory lab some students were required to track the amount of breaths taken in one minute and the breaths taken in thirty seconds into a paper back. Here are the results.


Breaths In One Minute:282518


Breaths In Thirty Seconds Into A Paper Bag:101418
The amount of breaths taken in thirty seconds should be higher because of the restriction of the paper bag, but on average the number was half the amount if the breaths taken in the minute.


Questions:


Part A.)1. The colour change in the limewater when aerated by the carbon dioxide indicated that the carbon dioxide that we breathe out had reacted with the limewater to create a solid precipitate.
2. The purpose of the control test tube is to observe the differences being shown between test tube C and test tube A and to observe what had caused the limewater to change. It had shown what caused the change and in this experiment it was the breathing into the limewater.


Part B.)3. The colour change after using the universal indicator presents that the carbon dioxide we breathe out is acidic and the oxygen that was aerated is neutral.
4. The purpose of the control beaker is to observe the differences being shown between beaker C and beaker D and to observe what had caused the distilled water to change and to further compare the two.
5. In use of oxygen and carbon dioxide to experiment upon distilled water the final result had looked to be the same, but upon using the universal indicator did you see the actual results. Beaker C which was aerated by oxygen had supposed to turn a green colour and that indicated it was neutral, and beaker D which was exposed to carbon dioxide turned a yellow colour that indicated it was acidic. 
7. Our blood cannot become acidic because of the HHB in our blood, HHB are hydrogen with hemoglobin molecules that do not become acidic. 
8. The breathing rate at thirty seconds increased because of breathing into the paper bag indicating limited oxygen being breathed in and caused the body to react.

Colon Cancer (live tweet, Sunnybrook Hospital)

I found this procedure very interestig because they walked us through the thing, and they explained what was going on very well. I really learned a lot throughout these short films, what I found really exciting was when the pulled out the colon. I would expect this to be smaller, but I was intrigued by the size of it and how they took it out of such a tight and small incision. What I also found fasinating was how they cut the colon with the a stapler.  I was able to label some parts along the way from what I recognized, which was an added benefit. After viewing all the aspects of the surgery such as the pictures, videos, and related notes I had learned many things. The most interesting thing to me was the port that pumped carbon dioxide into the abdomen to create space. Lastly colon cancer cannot be easily detected and if you have it growing inside you for couple years you might not even get any symptoms, so it is key to go get it checked out! The doctor really helped undedrstand the disease and I enjoyed looking at all the tweets and videos. 

These are some pictures I found interesting!

Arthritis!

Arthritis affects the musculoskeletal system, specifically the joints. It is the main cause of disability among people over fifty-five years of age in industrialized countries.The word arthritis comes from the Greek word meaning "joint" and the Latin itis meaning "inflamation". The plural of arthritis isarthritides.  Basically, a joint is where one bone moves on another bone. Ligaments hold the two bones together. The ligaments are like elastic bands, while they keep the bones in place your muscles relax or contract to make the joint move. Cartilage covers the bone surface to stop the two bones from rubbing directly against each other. The covering of cartilage allows the joint to work smoothly and painlessly. A capsule surrounds the joint. The space within the joint - the joint cavity - has synovial fluid. Synovial fluid nourishes the joint and the cartilage. The synovial fluid is produced by the synovium (synovial membrane) which lines the joint cavity. If you have arthritis something goes wrong with the joint. What goes wrong depends on what type of arthritis you have. It could be that the cartilage is wearing away, a lack of fluid, autoimmunity (your body attacking itself), infection, or a combination of many factors. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdgCRYV2aZM

Lung Inflation & Deflation Lab (with Balloons)

This lab showed us how a lung inflates and deflates, the balloon played as a lung and the bottom closing acted as if a diaphragm was under it. The diaphragm pulls out the lungs inflate, the same way the balloon did and when the diaphragm reaches back the lungs deflate.

Halloween Project

We carved pumpkins for Halloween in a skull shape, and we made some bones out of construction paper and stuck it on our paper me, bones missing on the skeleton are Patella, phalanges, cranium, facial bones, tarsal, carpal bone, metacarpal bone and pectoral girdle.

Vital Capacities of Various Olympic Swimmers

The mean VC score of the athletes was significantly higher than the mean non athlete VC of same age & demographic level, It is suggested that the difference in VC is due to increased development of respiratory musculature incidental to regular & chronic physical training + less smokers and healthy life style among athletes. Athletes are always using there vital capacity, and training there breathing so it allows oxygen to effectively enter the muscles.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cy4kzOeLD5E

Interim Report!

Human Kinetics Coop

Hi Mom and Dad!
This is my interim report for the Human Kinetics Coop.

So far, the highlights for me have been: The field trips, I deeply enjoyed going on the grouse grind, and rock climbing. I also enjoy the amount of biology and exercise science.


I am the most proud of: I am most proud of my participation in this class, and confidence! I love how I am improving.


The most interesting things I have learned about are: I think the most interesting thing i've learned so far is about the heart. 


An example of when I really pushed myself in SuperFit is: I think i pushed myself really hard on the shuttle run and beep test.


I could make improvements in: I believe I need to focus on building my cardio.


I am really looking forward to: I am looking forward to the upcoming Field Trips.


The Basics - WORK HABITS:

Attendance (classes missed and why) - I missed a week of school because I was gone away but other then that I am always on time and I do not miss class.


Participation in field trips (woo kim, grouse grind, rock climbing) - I went on the Grouse Grind and Rock Climbing field trip, and I really enjoyed it.

Lates (how many & reasons) - I dont think i have ever been late.

Preparedness for class (gym strip &/or supplies) - I always have my gym strip and I am prepared for class.

Class time management (are you using your class time to complete your work?  engaged in class discussion? participating? following along? doing your best? or talking too much? ) -I am always using class time to finish my work because i like getting my things done.

Blog assignment completion - (out of 8 assignments) Comments?I have completed the blogs.

Self evaluation of work habits for each class in coop - G/S/N I give myself a G

Biology 12:
Exercise Science 12:
Super Fit 12:

Fitness Friday!

Beep Test: 8.1
Sit & Reach: 5
Plank: 1.25 minutes
Push-Ups: 7

Structures&Functions

STRUCTURE	FUNCTION	DEOXY/OXY BLOOD
LEFT ATRIUM	Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it to the left ventricle.	OXY
LEFT VENTRICLE	Pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aortic arch and to all the tissues in the body.	OXY
RIGHT ATRIUM	Blood enters through the superior and inferior vena cava and pumps into the pulmonary veins and around the lungs.	DEOXY
RIGHT VENTRICLE	Passes blood up through the pulmonary valve and through the pulmonary artery and to the lungs.	DEOXY
PULMONARY ARTERY	Carries blood from the heart to the lungs.	DEOXY
AORTA	The aorta is the artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle. Because the aorta can stretch, the pressure of the blood leaving the heart is more slowly and regularly transferred to the arteries.	OXY
PULMONARY VEINS	The whole function of these systems is carried with the help of lungs and heart which are themselves a complex network of different small parts and structures.	OXY
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA	The superior vena cava brings de-oxygenated blood from parts of the body higher than the heart and returns the blood to the right atrium.	DEOXY
INFERIOR VENA CAVA	The inferior vena cava is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart.	DEOXY
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES (Mitral & Tricuspid)	They allow flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles, and interesting the sound of the valves closing (along with the semilunar valves) is what the sound is in a heartbeat.	N/A
CHORDAE TENDINAE	The chordae tendinae are two tendons in the heart that contribute to the complex series of processes that happen with every cycle within the organ.	N/A
SEMI LUNAR VALVES (Pulmonary & Aortic)	The semilunar valves separate the ventricles from major arteries and prevent the back flow of blood within the heart's chambers. One of these valves is found at the opening of the aorta, while the other is placed at the opening of the pulmonary artery.	N/A
SEPTUM	The ventricular septum has a function of ensuring that the deoxygenated blood of the right ventricle stays separate from the deoxygenated blood of the left ventricle. This part separates the two large chambers of the heart.	N/A

Weight Room

Sept, 24th/2014


Hamstring Curl:
5 sets, 15 reps of 100lbs


Seated Leg Press:
5 sets. 15 reps of 185lbs


Spin Cycle Video:
21 minutes

Human Kinetics

This year I chose to do Co-op, I chose this program because I loved having Ms. Phillips for biology last year. The way she teaches inspires me and what's better then having her as my teacher for the majority of my classes? nothing! The way she taught biology actually helped me learn, and I believe she help-s me a lot because me and her have the same mind set of how learning should be. Another reason why I took Co-op was because I feel like for university it could open a lot of opportunities. After high school I  have planned to start university right away so I could major in criminology, so that I could become a RCMP officer as soon as possible. I chose this career path because I feel like it matches my personality. Outside of school I work at Dynamite, and I do kickboxing and karate. Over the summer I had done a lot of fitness because I had a lot of spare time, I would go to the gym every morning or evening if I got time, and on Tuesdays and Thursdays I would go to karate/kickboxing. Part of this Co-op class we have Superfit and I think this is a great opportunity to help my cardio and help my rate. My goals are to be a healthier person.

Animal Kingdom

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

Feeding/ Digestion:

The feeding of phylum Nematoda is interesting because the oral cavity is lined with a cuticle, which is usually strengthened with ridges and other structures. The mouth usually has a sharp stylet which always the worm to bite down on its prey to make it easier for it to swallow. There is no stomach which allows the food to go straight down to its intestine, that forms the main length of gut. The intestine has valves which makes it easier to make the food move throughout the intestine.

Reproduction:

Nematoda can reproduce in one of two (known) ways. The first is that Nematoda are self-fertilizing organisms and simply replicate themselves. However, there are male and female nematoda that reproduce by mating.

Respiration:

A roundworm has no formal respiratory system.

Circulation:

They do not have circulation systems.

Nervous System:

A roundworm has two nerve cords that transmit impulses. At the anterior end of the animal, the nerves branch from a dense, circular nerve ring surrounding the pharynx, and serving as the brain. Smaller nerves run forward from the ring to supply the sensory organs of the head.

Phylum Annelida (earthworm)

Feeding/ Digestion:

The digestive system is partitioned into many regions, each with a certain function. The digestive system consists of the pharynx, the esophagus, the crop, the intestine and the gizzard. Food such as soil enters the earthworm’s mouth where it is swallowed by the pharynx. Then the soil passes through the esophagus, which has calciferous glands that release calcium carbonate to rid the earthworm’s body of excess calcium. 

Reproduction:

Earthworms are hermaphrodites where each earthworm contains both male and female sex organs. The male and female sex organs can produce sperm and egg respectively in each earthworm. Although earthworms are hermaphrodites, most need a mate to reproduce. During mating, two worms line up inverted from each other so sperm can be exchanged. The earthworms each have two male openings and two sperm receptacles, which take in the sperm from another mate.

Respiration:

Earthworms do not have lungs. They breathe through their skin. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the earthworm’s skin by diffusion. For diffusion to occur, the earthworm’s skin must be kept moist. Body fluid and mucous is released to keep its skin moist. 

Circulation:

The earthworm has a closed circulatory system. An earthworm circulates blood exclusively through vessels. There are three main vessels that supply the blood to organs within the earthworm. These vessels are the aortic arches, dorsal blood vessels, and ventral blood vessels.

Nervous System:

The earthworm is made of about 100-150 segments. The segmented body parts provide important structural functions. Segmentation can help the earthworm move. Each segment or section has muscles and bristles called setae. The bristles or setae help anchor and control the worm when moving through soil. The bristles hold a section of the worm firmly into the ground while the other part of the body protrudes forward. 

Phylum Arthropoda (grasshopper)

Feeding/ Digestion:

The grasshopper has a tubular digestive system. Food enters the mouth and is mechanically broken down, and then mixed with saliva by salivary glands. Food is then transported from esophagus to the crop. Chitinous teeth-like plates, which grind food, are seen in the muscular gizzards. Chemical digestion takes place in the stomach. Gastric caeca surround stomach.

Reproduction:

 Grasshoppers reproduce sexually. Only full grown grasshoppers have reproductive organs. Eggs are produced in the ovaries and sperm in the testicles. When sperm enters the female body it is stored in the seminal receptacle. Eggs are fertilized in the oviduct, then leave the females body. 

Respiration:

The grasshoppers respitory system is the same as many other insects, but the grasshoppers respitory system is called the tracheal system. As the abdomen expands, air pressure drops within the trachea, at the same time the anterior four pairs of spiracle open.

Circulation:

A grasshopper has an open circulatory system which means the blood flows into open spaces or sinuses. The blood is colorless because it contains no hemoglobin. The blood transports food and waste but not oxygen or carbon dioxide. Along the dorsal surface of the grasshopper is the aorta and a tubular heart as well as a large pericardial sinus and a large sternal sinus. Contractions of the heart pump da blood through the aorta to the head. In most open systems the blood moves slowly but systems are efficient enough to meet the needs of the organisms.

Nervous System:

Grasshoppers have a peripheral nervous system, this system consists of the sensory system. While the central nervous system consists of the ventral nerve cord. Since the grasshopper is a segmented insect each segment has its own interganglionic.

Phylum Echinodermata (starfish)

Feeding/ Digestion:

The mouth of the starfish is found on the under side of the starfish creature. Food enters the mouth and into the first stomach. Then it is passed onto the secondary stomach and then into the many digestive glands that are located within each of the arms of the starfish. These digestive glands secrete enzymes and absorb the much needed nutrients from food.

Reproduction:

Starfish reproduce through sexual and asexual reproduction, with the starfish being male or female. They can't, however, be both male and female at once. They also can not change sexes. Fertilization takes place outside the starfish in their environment through the gonopore. Both male and females release their gametes into the water.

Respiration:

Gas exchange in sea starfish occurs over their surface: they have neither gills nor lungs. Folds of skin on their dorsal surface permit gas exchange, as do the tube feet on their ventral surface. Also, they have a water-based vascular system, which also performs gas exchange.

Circulation:

A starfish's circulatory system has a central ring and five radial vessels. The type of circulatory system a startfish has is open and reduced, this is called the Hemal system.

Nervous System:

The central nervous system of a starfish consists of a radial nerve running the length of each ray and a circumoral nerve ring that connects the radial nerves. All the sensory information must go to the radial nerves, any memories must be stored in the radial nerves, and any decisions about what to do must be made in the radial nerves. And somehow, the five different radial nerves must coordinate those decisions if the starfish is going to get anywhere.

Phylum Vertebrata (grass frog)

Feeding/ Digestion: 

Food is captured by the bilobed tongue. Digestion of food takes place by the action of HCl and gastric juices secreted from the walls of the stomach. Partially digested food called chyme is passed from stomach to the first part of the intestine, the duodenum. The duodenum receives bile from gall bladder and pancreatic juices from the pancreas through a common bile duct. Bile emulsifies fat and pancreatic juices digest carbohydrates and proteins. 

Reproduction:

Common frogs become sexually mature at around three years of age. During February and March they begin to emerge from hibernation and make their way to the breeding grounds. Common frogs have been seen to return annually to the sites where they originally developed from spawn into adult frogs. The males arrive first and attempt to attract a mate by producing a low purring croak. A successful male will wrap his forelimbs around the female in a mating embrace known as 'amplexus'. Each female lays 1000-4000 eggs at a time, which are fertilised by the male as they are released. Frogs can spawn as early as December and as late as April, depending on how warm the weather is. They prefer to lay their eggs in shallow, still water. Frogspawn is surrounded with a clear jelly-like substance, which swells up in the water to protect the fragile embryos.

Respiration:

The frogs respitory system is made up of three respitory systems that is used to exchnges gases with the surrounding. These are the mouth lining, the skin, and the lungs.

Circulation:

The skin of a frog is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as to water. There are blood vessels near the surface of the skin and when a frog is underwater, oxygen diffuses directly into the blood. When not submerged, a frog breathes by a process known as buccal pumping. Its lungs are similar to those of humans but the chest muscles are not involved in respiration, and there are no ribs. or diaphragm to help move air in and out.

Nervous System:

The frog has a highly developed nervous system that consists of a brain, spinal cord and nerves. Many parts of the frog's brain correspond with those of humans. It consists of two olfactory lobes, two cerebral hemispheres, a pineal body, two optic lobes, a cerebellum and a medulla oblongata. 

Frog Dissection

Starfish Dissection

GrassHopper Dissection

Worm Dissection