Digestive System

http://www.showme.com/sh/?h=R94beds

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids, also called "piles," are swollen tissues that contain veins. They are located in the wall of the rectum and anus and may cause minor bleeding or develop small blood clots. Hemorrhoids occur when the tissues enlarge, weaken, and come free of their supporting structure. This results in a sac-like bulge that extends into the anal area. This is a unique disease because no other animal can get this, up to 86% of people would say that they have had Hemorrhoids at some time throughout their life. They can be painful and annoying but aren't usually serious. Hemorrhoids differ depending on their location and the amount of pain, discomfort, or aggravation they cause. Internal hemorrhoids are located up inside the rectum. They rarely cause any pain, as this tissue doesn't have any sensory nerves. These hemorrhoids are graded for severity according to how far and how often they protrude into the anal passage or protrude out of the anus. Grade I is small without protrusion. Painless, minor bleeding occurs from time to time after a bowel movement. A grade II hemorrhoid may protrude during a bowel movement but returns spontaneously to its place afterwards. In grade III, the hemorrhoid must be replaced manually. A grade IV hemorrhoid has prolapsed it protrudes constantly and will fall out again if pushed back into the rectum. There may or may not be bleeding. Prolapsed hemorrhoids can be painful if they are strangled by the anus or if a clot develops. Other factors that increase the risk for getting hemorrhoids include constipation, diarrhea, lifting heavy objects, poor posture, prolonged sitting, pregnancy, eating a diet low in fibre, anal intercourse, and being overweight. Liver damage and some food allergies can also add stress to the rectal veins. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVxVnZDsRHw

I chose this disease because it randomly popped up and I find things like this very interesting. Our bowel movement is very important to our Digestive System, that is why when this topic popped up I had to write about it. This relates to our topic because Ms. Phillips has shown us pretty neat videos like this and I think its good to learn different things every day.

Digestive System Organs

Biological Molecules Lab

                                                

Digestive System T-Shirt

Protein Lab

Primary (1st):

Secondary (2nd):

Tertiary (3rd):

Quaternary (4th):

Questions:

1. The types of bond that is found in the primary structure between amino acids is peptide bond.

2. The secondary structure forms alpha helix because the negative and positives attract which causes them to form due to the polar peptide bonds.

3. The replusion attraction created the third structure when the protein twisted and bent. It looked different because their are 20 different variables which can make different combinations. 

4. The fourth structure was created when we combined two or more amino acids and the same variable repelled or attracted. 

5. No, because the R groups attraction and repulsion determines the different combinations. Since their are 20 different R variables the combinations are different. 

Vital Capacity Lab

Introduction: the measurement of the maximum amount of air a person can breath out after a maximum inhalation. The measurement is equal to the total of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

Definitions:
Tidal Volume: regular breaths.

Vital Capacity: maximum air you can breath out.

Residual Volume: amount of air you have left.

Expiratory Reserve Volume: the air you can breath out on top of your regular breath.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume: the air you can breathe in on top of your regular breath.

Procedure:
1. Reset the dial on top of the spirometer to 0L.

2. Using the spirometer and the sterilized mouthpiece, take a very deep breath and exhale forcefully through the mouthpiece. The dial will indicate the volume of air exhaled.

3. Keep your mouthpiece while your partner tests their vital capacity, and then try again.

4. Record results below.


Observations: 
NAME                                     VITAL CAPACITY (L)
Sahil                                                   2800L

Gagan                                                2500L

Identify the female in the class with the greatest vital capacity:
Shimeran                                 Vital Capacity: 3000L


Identify the male in the class with the greatest vital capacity:Undetermined.


Questions:
1. A normal tidal volume is only 500mL because that is the average amount of air inspired during relaxed and regular breathing.


2. The rising amount of CO2 in the blood stream will lower the pH. The medulla oblongata  will sense these changes and increase the ventilation rate.


3. Activities such as cardiovascular endurance increase the amount of CO2 entering the blood stream thus triggering medulla oblongata. 


4. Four factors affecting a persons vital capacity are, their fitness level, height, sex, and body size.


5. When you exercise your lungs need more vital nutrients and in order to provide them with all the required nutrients the lungs expand more so they are able to distribute it all correctly. 


6. If there is no air left in the lungs the lungs become deflated. To prevent the deflation aka a collapsed lung a certain amount of air has to reside in the lungs to fill the space.


Conclusion:In conclusion there is a lot to learn about vital capacity. It can differ greatly between sexes and fitness levels but with the correct exercise and effort you are able to increase your vital capacity and strengthen your lungs, thus providing yourself with a strong respiratory system!

Respitory Lab

Introduction: External gas exchange is a process that takes place between the air and lungs. Oxygen travels into the blood from the air throughout the alveoli and carbon dioxide travels to the alveoli by first travelling from air and into the blood stream, this is possible by cellular respiration.

Part A: In the first part of the respiratory lab we were required to expose limewater to oxygen and carbon dioxide while residing in test tubes. Test tube A was aerated by oxygen and test tube C was aerated by carbon dioxide and to do so we had to breathe into a straw into the tube for a certain time. After the experiment we saw that test tube A had a few bubbles during but was particularly still afterwards and test tube C was cloudy and a greyish white colour. 

Before

During

After

Part B: In the second part of the respiratory lab we were required to expose distilled water to oxygen and carbon dioxide while residing in beakers. Beaker C was aerated by oxygen and beaker D was aerated by carbon dioxide and do so we had to breathe into a straw for a certain time. After the experiment we saw that beaker C which was supposed to turn a green colour but because of our dysfunctional beaker it turned orange and beaker D turned a yellowish colour. Therefore the aerated distilled water was neutral whereas the one that was breathed into was a strong acid. 

Before

After

Part C: In the third and final part of the respiratory lab some students were required to track the amount of breaths taken in one minute and the breaths taken in thirty seconds into a paper back. Here are the results.


Breaths In One Minute:282518


Breaths In Thirty Seconds Into A Paper Bag:101418
The amount of breaths taken in thirty seconds should be higher because of the restriction of the paper bag, but on average the number was half the amount if the breaths taken in the minute.


Questions:


Part A.)1. The colour change in the limewater when aerated by the carbon dioxide indicated that the carbon dioxide that we breathe out had reacted with the limewater to create a solid precipitate.
2. The purpose of the control test tube is to observe the differences being shown between test tube C and test tube A and to observe what had caused the limewater to change. It had shown what caused the change and in this experiment it was the breathing into the limewater.


Part B.)3. The colour change after using the universal indicator presents that the carbon dioxide we breathe out is acidic and the oxygen that was aerated is neutral.
4. The purpose of the control beaker is to observe the differences being shown between beaker C and beaker D and to observe what had caused the distilled water to change and to further compare the two.
5. In use of oxygen and carbon dioxide to experiment upon distilled water the final result had looked to be the same, but upon using the universal indicator did you see the actual results. Beaker C which was aerated by oxygen had supposed to turn a green colour and that indicated it was neutral, and beaker D which was exposed to carbon dioxide turned a yellow colour that indicated it was acidic. 
7. Our blood cannot become acidic because of the HHB in our blood, HHB are hydrogen with hemoglobin molecules that do not become acidic. 
8. The breathing rate at thirty seconds increased because of breathing into the paper bag indicating limited oxygen being breathed in and caused the body to react.

Colon Cancer (live tweet, Sunnybrook Hospital)

I found this procedure very interestig because they walked us through the thing, and they explained what was going on very well. I really learned a lot throughout these short films, what I found really exciting was when the pulled out the colon. I would expect this to be smaller, but I was intrigued by the size of it and how they took it out of such a tight and small incision. What I also found fasinating was how they cut the colon with the a stapler.  I was able to label some parts along the way from what I recognized, which was an added benefit. After viewing all the aspects of the surgery such as the pictures, videos, and related notes I had learned many things. The most interesting thing to me was the port that pumped carbon dioxide into the abdomen to create space. Lastly colon cancer cannot be easily detected and if you have it growing inside you for couple years you might not even get any symptoms, so it is key to go get it checked out! The doctor really helped undedrstand the disease and I enjoyed looking at all the tweets and videos. 

These are some pictures I found interesting!

Arthritis!

Arthritis affects the musculoskeletal system, specifically the joints. It is the main cause of disability among people over fifty-five years of age in industrialized countries.The word arthritis comes from the Greek word meaning "joint" and the Latin itis meaning "inflamation". The plural of arthritis isarthritides.  Basically, a joint is where one bone moves on another bone. Ligaments hold the two bones together. The ligaments are like elastic bands, while they keep the bones in place your muscles relax or contract to make the joint move. Cartilage covers the bone surface to stop the two bones from rubbing directly against each other. The covering of cartilage allows the joint to work smoothly and painlessly. A capsule surrounds the joint. The space within the joint - the joint cavity - has synovial fluid. Synovial fluid nourishes the joint and the cartilage. The synovial fluid is produced by the synovium (synovial membrane) which lines the joint cavity. If you have arthritis something goes wrong with the joint. What goes wrong depends on what type of arthritis you have. It could be that the cartilage is wearing away, a lack of fluid, autoimmunity (your body attacking itself), infection, or a combination of many factors. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdgCRYV2aZM

Lung Inflation & Deflation Lab (with Balloons)

This lab showed us how a lung inflates and deflates, the balloon played as a lung and the bottom closing acted as if a diaphragm was under it. The diaphragm pulls out the lungs inflate, the same way the balloon did and when the diaphragm reaches back the lungs deflate.

Halloween Project

We carved pumpkins for Halloween in a skull shape, and we made some bones out of construction paper and stuck it on our paper me, bones missing on the skeleton are Patella, phalanges, cranium, facial bones, tarsal, carpal bone, metacarpal bone and pectoral girdle.