Digestive System

http://www.showme.com/sh/?h=R94beds

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids, also called "piles," are swollen tissues that contain veins. They are located in the wall of the rectum and anus and may cause minor bleeding or develop small blood clots. Hemorrhoids occur when the tissues enlarge, weaken, and come free of their supporting structure. This results in a sac-like bulge that extends into the anal area. This is a unique disease because no other animal can get this, up to 86% of people would say that they have had Hemorrhoids at some time throughout their life. They can be painful and annoying but aren't usually serious. Hemorrhoids differ depending on their location and the amount of pain, discomfort, or aggravation they cause. Internal hemorrhoids are located up inside the rectum. They rarely cause any pain, as this tissue doesn't have any sensory nerves. These hemorrhoids are graded for severity according to how far and how often they protrude into the anal passage or protrude out of the anus. Grade I is small without protrusion. Painless, minor bleeding occurs from time to time after a bowel movement. A grade II hemorrhoid may protrude during a bowel movement but returns spontaneously to its place afterwards. In grade III, the hemorrhoid must be replaced manually. A grade IV hemorrhoid has prolapsed it protrudes constantly and will fall out again if pushed back into the rectum. There may or may not be bleeding. Prolapsed hemorrhoids can be painful if they are strangled by the anus or if a clot develops. Other factors that increase the risk for getting hemorrhoids include constipation, diarrhea, lifting heavy objects, poor posture, prolonged sitting, pregnancy, eating a diet low in fibre, anal intercourse, and being overweight. Liver damage and some food allergies can also add stress to the rectal veins. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVxVnZDsRHw

I chose this disease because it randomly popped up and I find things like this very interesting. Our bowel movement is very important to our Digestive System, that is why when this topic popped up I had to write about it. This relates to our topic because Ms. Phillips has shown us pretty neat videos like this and I think its good to learn different things every day.

Digestive System Organs

Biological Molecules Lab

                                                

Digestive System T-Shirt

Protein Lab

Primary (1st):

Secondary (2nd):

Tertiary (3rd):

Quaternary (4th):

Questions:

1. The types of bond that is found in the primary structure between amino acids is peptide bond.

2. The secondary structure forms alpha helix because the negative and positives attract which causes them to form due to the polar peptide bonds.

3. The replusion attraction created the third structure when the protein twisted and bent. It looked different because their are 20 different variables which can make different combinations. 

4. The fourth structure was created when we combined two or more amino acids and the same variable repelled or attracted. 

5. No, because the R groups attraction and repulsion determines the different combinations. Since their are 20 different R variables the combinations are different. 

Vital Capacity Lab

Introduction: the measurement of the maximum amount of air a person can breath out after a maximum inhalation. The measurement is equal to the total of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

Definitions:
Tidal Volume: regular breaths.

Vital Capacity: maximum air you can breath out.

Residual Volume: amount of air you have left.

Expiratory Reserve Volume: the air you can breath out on top of your regular breath.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume: the air you can breathe in on top of your regular breath.

Procedure:
1. Reset the dial on top of the spirometer to 0L.

2. Using the spirometer and the sterilized mouthpiece, take a very deep breath and exhale forcefully through the mouthpiece. The dial will indicate the volume of air exhaled.

3. Keep your mouthpiece while your partner tests their vital capacity, and then try again.

4. Record results below.


Observations: 
NAME                                     VITAL CAPACITY (L)
Sahil                                                   2800L

Gagan                                                2500L

Identify the female in the class with the greatest vital capacity:
Shimeran                                 Vital Capacity: 3000L


Identify the male in the class with the greatest vital capacity:Undetermined.


Questions:
1. A normal tidal volume is only 500mL because that is the average amount of air inspired during relaxed and regular breathing.


2. The rising amount of CO2 in the blood stream will lower the pH. The medulla oblongata  will sense these changes and increase the ventilation rate.


3. Activities such as cardiovascular endurance increase the amount of CO2 entering the blood stream thus triggering medulla oblongata. 


4. Four factors affecting a persons vital capacity are, their fitness level, height, sex, and body size.


5. When you exercise your lungs need more vital nutrients and in order to provide them with all the required nutrients the lungs expand more so they are able to distribute it all correctly. 


6. If there is no air left in the lungs the lungs become deflated. To prevent the deflation aka a collapsed lung a certain amount of air has to reside in the lungs to fill the space.


Conclusion:In conclusion there is a lot to learn about vital capacity. It can differ greatly between sexes and fitness levels but with the correct exercise and effort you are able to increase your vital capacity and strengthen your lungs, thus providing yourself with a strong respiratory system!